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Publication date: 15.06.2024
DOI: 10.24412/2782-6570-2024_03_02_1
UDC 796.8; 612
CHANGES IN BIOIMPEDANCE ANALYSIS PARAMETERS AFTER GRADUATED EXERCISE
F.A. Mavliev1, N.V. Rylova2, D.K. Korovina1, A.M. Akhatov1, I.M. Galiev3
1Volga Region State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism" Kazan, Russia
2Russian State Research Center – Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center, Moscow, Russia
3Kazan National Research Technological University, Kazan, Russia
Abstract. The article presents the results of assessing the effect of graduated exercise on the body composition indices obtained with the help of the ABC-01 MEDASS bioimpedance analyzer. The body composition was assessed in 13 qualified skiers before and after running exercise, the study was performed twice, 2 days apart. It was found that the most dynamic component in bioimpedance parameters was fat mass, which decreased after exercise, associated with redistribution of blood flow. The parameters of muscle mass, fluid, lean and active cell mass were less variable. The phase angle remained unchanged.
Keywords: exercise, bioimpedance analysis, body composition, fat mass, muscle mass.
Introduction. In sports practice, both weight control and body composition control are important. In this regard, any manipulation of an athlete’s weight through diets or physical activity of various intensity are usually accompanied by objective ways of body composition assessment to identify the effectiveness of diets and training, which should not lead to loss of muscle mass [1-4]. For proper control of weight scientists often use different bioimpedance analysis systems, which, by recording the resistance of body tissues to electrical current, can indirectly assess the content of muscle, fat and other tissues in the whole body and in the studied area of the body [5]. Therefore, body composition analysis and definition of standard values, considering the type of sport, is relevant in sports science, especially in sports where weight and body composition are the important factors that define athletic success [6]. Instruments based on this method are convenient tools, but they still have disadvantages [7-8]. They are related to the fact that different dietary manipulations and/or exercise can change the hydration of the body and also contribute to the redistribution of fluids, e.g. increased muscle blood flow immediately after exercise, muscle edema after heavy exercise with prevalence of eccentric modes of muscle contraction, decreased glycogen content and consequently body water in low-carbohydrate diets, etc. Since these calculations are based on the concept that changes in tissue water content define the degree of its resistance to current, and the more is the water content the lower the resistance, all calculations of body composition may be distorted due to alterations in the amount and/or distribution of water in the body. Therefore, a number of recommendations on food intake, physical exercise and body hydration should be taken into account for more accurate measurements. This raises the question of the extent to which physical exercise can distort data through fluid redistribution, which is often observed in athletes during training, competition, and days off. It is especially noticeable when the loads are of speed-strength or strength nature, in the performance of which an eccentric mode of muscle contraction is involved, since the muscle recovery processes after such loads combine inflammation and subsequent edema, which naturally causes an increased water content, and recovery processes may take 7 and more days [9]. Therefore, during this period measurements in body composition with the bioimpedance systems may be somewhat distorted. Modeling the conditions, under which muscle blood flow and, consequently, water content are increased may help to determine the bioimpedance changes that would be observed in muscle under-recovery after intense training in athletes, who measure body composition during specialized training microcycles with high volume and intensity of loads (shock microcycles). All measurements made in these conditions may distort objective bioimpedance indices, which can only be obtained when an athlete fully recovers from training loads.
Aim of the study – to evaluate the effect of graduated exercise on bioimpedance indices.
Methods and organization. The study included 13 skiers, whose average age was 25.7±4 years, weight – 73.7±6.5 kg, height – 179.6±6.5 cm. All athletes were Candidates for Master of Sports and higher. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants were informed of the procedure and gave voluntary consent.
Using the ABC-01 MEDASS analyzer, we registered absolute and relative indices of fat (kg, %) and lean body mass (kg, %), skeletal muscle mass (SMM, kg, %), total, extracellular and intracellular body fluid (kg), as well as phase angle (°). Registration of these indices was done before and after graduated exercise.
A protocol with a running load performed to failure was used to create graduated exercise: a two-minute warm-up, a test exercise with an increasing dynamic of 1 km/h per minute, starting at 7 km/h. At the end a two-minute hitch was performed. The Cosmos Quasar running machine was used as a test bed. The study was conducted twice, 2 days apart. Only those changes that were observed during any of the two measurements (sections) were considered.
The data obtained were processed in IBM SPSS 20. To evaluate statistical significance of linked samples, we used the Wilcoxon’s signed-rank test. All data are presented in a form of mean values and standard deviations.
Results and discussion. Changes in body composition found as a response to graduated exercise was shown in both absolute and r elative parameters. At the same time, the data were ambiguous – not always the applied physical load caused statistically significant changes, and the detected changes were multidirectional. Such ambiguity was found in almost all studied indices. For example, in the second study there was a significant reduction in fat mass in the participants by an average of 21% or 2.2 kg (p<0.05), which cannot be achieved by the short-term exercise used in this study, systematic exercise is required instead [10]. Thus, if we compare calorie content of fat lost and energy spent in running, then the volume of the fat lost could be the result of running 160-180 km/h, which at a comfortable speed of 10 km/h could take 18 hours to complete. Therefore, such changes in fat content appear to be the result of the effect of exercise on blood flow redistribution to the working muscles and, as a consequence, a decrease in the estimated fat, both in absolute values and in percentage: there is a decrease in the percentage of fat in the study group from 14.6±2.9% before exercise to 10.9±4% after exercise (fig.).
Fig. Changes in fat mass content before and after graduated exercise in the first and second sections of the study
On the contrary, the muscle mass indices (both absolute values and muscle percentage) increased from 33.7±3.2 kg to 35±3.5 kg (54.9±0.9% to 56±1.5%). Such changes, as well as the fat mass ones, cannot be due to hypertrophy as a result of exercise, which, firstly, requires more time and, secondly, occurs usually as a response to exercise with higher intensity or strength exercise.
The phase angle did not have statistically significant differences before and after exercise: in the first measurement, the value before exercises amounted to 7.8±0.7°, after – 7,7±0,7°; in the second measurement, before exercise – 8.1±0.7°, after – 8±0.7° (p>0.05).
Changes in the indices of total, extracellular and intercellular fluid were different before and after exercise. For example, total and intercellular fluids had small but statistically significant differences: total fluid increased from 44.9±4.1 kg to 45.8±4.6 kg (p=0.036), intercellular fluid – from 17.4±1.8 kg to 17.9±1.9 kg (p<0.001). Extracellular fluid increased insignificantly after exercise – from 27.5±2.6 l to 27.9±2.8 kg (p=0.025), as well as active cell mass – from 38.4±3.1 kg to 39±3.3 kg (p=0.028) and lean mass – from 61.4±5.6 kg to 62.6±6.2 kg (p=0,036).
Conclusion. The most dynamic body composition index, obtained as a result of bioimpedance analysis after exercise, was fat mass, which decreased by 20% (p<0.05), and less ones were muscle mass (increase by 3, 9%, p<0.05), total (increase by 2%, p<0.05) and intracellular (increase by 2.9%, p<0.05) fluid, as well as active cell mass (increase of 1.5%, p<0.05) and lean muscle mass (increase of 1.7%, p<0.05). The phase angle indices remained constant and the noted changes were not statistically significant.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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INFORMATION ABOUT THE AUTHORS:
Fanis A. Mavliev – Candidate of Biological Sciences, Senior Researcher, Associate Professor of the Department of Biomedical Disciplines, Volga Region State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism, Kazan, e-mail:
Natal’ya V. Rylova – Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Head of Laboratory of Sports Nutritionology, Russian State Research Center – Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center, Moscow, e-mail:
Dar’ya K. Korovina – 3rd Year Student, Volga Region State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism, Kazan, e-mail:
Azat M. Akhatov – Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Theory and Methods of Martial Arts, Volga Region State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism, Kazan, e-mail:
Il’nar M. Galiev – Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Engineering Computer Graphics and Computer Aided Design, Kazan National Research Technological University, Kazan, e-mail:
For citation: Mavliev F.A., Rylova N.V., Korovina D.K., Akhatov A.M., Galiev I.M. Changes in bioimpedance analysis parameters after graduated exercise. Russian Journal of Sports Science: Medicine, Physiology, Training, 2024, vol. 3, no. 2. DOI: 10.24412/2782-6570-2024_03_02_1