Sverchkov V.V., Bykov E.V. Association of muscle strength and body mass index with metabolic syndrome criteria in men

Publication date: 15.06.2024
DOI: 10.24412/2782-6570-2024_03_02_7
UDC 616-056

ASSOCIATION OF MUSCLE STRENGTH AND BODY MASS INDEX WITH METABOLIC SYNDROME CRITERIA IN MEN

V.V. Sverchkov, E.V. Bykov

Ural State University of Physical Culture, Chelyabinsk, Russia

Abstract. The aim of this work was to study the mutual influence of relative muscle strength and body mass index on metabolic syndrome criteria in adult males. A total of 216 men participated in this cross-sectional study. Participants were measured for body mass index, metabolic syndrome criteria including waist circumference, plasma glucose, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and relative upper limb muscle strength. Study participants were then divided into groups with high and low body mass index, as well as high and low relative upper limb muscle strength. As a result, the groups with low body mass index and low relative muscle strength (group 2), high body mass index and high relative muscle strength (group 3), and high body mass index and low relative muscle strength (group 4) had significantly higher scores of glucose, plasma triglycerides, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure and metabolic syndrome severity z-score, as well as lower plasma high-density lipoprotein levels, relative to the group with low body mass index and high relative muscle strength (group 1). The results of this study demonstrate that increasing muscle strength and decreasing body mass index through regular resistance training is an effective approach to reducing the severity of metabolic syndrome.

Keywords: metabolic syndrome, muscle strength, body mass index, insulin resistance, overweight.

Introduction. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines obesity or overweight as excessive fat deposits that can impair health [1]. The obesity incidence constantly grows due to sedentary lifestyle and high calorie diet. According to previous studies, 39% of the population suffers from obesity or overweight. In particular, it was found that the prevalence of obesity was higher in women aged ≥19 years than in men aged ≥19 years [2]. The obesity incidence in Russia increased from 10.8% in 1993 to 27.9% in 2017 in men, and from 26.4% to 31.8% in women respectively [3]. In general, overweight and obesity are relevant and unresolved public health problem [1].

Obesity is a major cause of type 2 diabetes, increases insulin resistance, as well as the risk of various chronic diseases [4]. Therefore, obesity significantly affects metabolic syndrome (MetS) factors, while a 5-10% weight loss through diet and exercise significantly reduces all MetS components, as well as the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) [5]. MetS, in turn, increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes [6], CVDs [7], and some cancers [8-9]. Regular physical activity reduces the risk of several chronic diseases, including obesity, MetS and type 2 diabetes [10]. For example, a 15-week resistance training program significantly reduced plasma glucose and triglycerides (TG), decreased waist circumference (WC) and systolic blood pressure (sBP), and increased plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in men with MetS [11].

Resistance training is effective in increasing muscle mass [12] and muscle strength [13], which can be applied as a preventive measure against MetS. For example, de Lima et al reported that muscle strength is directly correlated with MetS, and higher levels of muscle strength significantly reduce the risk of MetS [14]. C. Ji et al [15] also reported a strong correlation between grip strength and MetS incidence among the US adult population regardless of gender [15]. In addition, J. Lopes-Lopes et al [16] found that the risk of MetS was 1.39 times higher in a group with low grip strength compared with those with high grip strength. The other study showed an inverse correlation between relative strength of upper (r=-0.67, р˂0.05), lower limbs (r=-0.69, р˂0.05) and MetS severity as assessed by the MetS severity (MetSs) z-score [17]. Therefore, it is known that increase in muscle strength has a protective effect against MetS risk factors and incidence.

Although various studies on the connection between body mass index (BMI), MetS and muscle strength have been conducted abroad, the number of such works in Russia is limited. There are also insufficient data on the effect of muscle strength on the MetS criteria in overweight and obese individuals.

Aim of the study: to investigate the reciprocal effect of relative muscle strength and BMI on MetS criteria in men.

Methods and organization. The study was conducted in the Olympic Sports Research Institute of the Ural State University of Physical Culture and Sports between June 2021 and March 2022. Continuous sampling method was used. The study was an observational single-center, single-stage, one-sample comparative study. It involved 216 men who underwent the assessment of upper limb muscle strength in the bench press exercise. The following BMI and MetS criteria were analyzed: plasma glucose, TG, HDL levels, WC, sBP. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Men signed an informed consent for participation. The description of the participants is presented in table 1.

Table 1

Metabolic syndrome criteria in man with high and low relative muscle strength, М±SD

Variables	High muscle strength (n=108)	Low muscle strength (n=108)	P
Age, years	32.85±7.24	33.45±6.71	0.787
Body length, cm	177.05±6.32	178.81±6.79	0.406
Body mass, kg	74.35±5.06	85.91±5.61	0.000
BMI, kg/m²	23.76±1.81	26.94±2.35	0.000
WC, cm	85.51±5.79	95.25±6.96	0.000
sBP, mm of Hg	119.15±5.56	125.85±6.59	0.001
TG, mg/dL	87.45±15.47	108.49±15.72	0.000
Glucose, mg/dL	91.61±5.51	97.25±4.97	0.001
HDL, mg/dL	55.75±5.59	45.55±7.33	0.000
MetSs z-score	-0.57±0.39	0.08±0.38	0.000
Relative strength, kg/kg	83.29±6.65	68.02±6.11	0.000

Note: BMI – body mass index; WC – waist circumference; sBP – systolic blood pressure; TG – triglycerides; HDL – high-density lipoproteins; MetSs – metabolic syndrome severity. Statistically significant differences are highlighted with bold.

Muscle strength assessment. In this study, we assessed one repetition maximum (1 RM) in bench press. The test was performed according to the following scheme. The participants performed a warm-up set, after which the weight was added (5 kg for each stage) until the subjects were able to perform 7-10 repetitions before concentric voluntary failure (7-10 RM). One repetition maximum (1RM) was calculated according to the B. Epley’s formula (1 RM = w (1+ r/30), where w – weight lifted, r – a number of repetitions until concentric muscle failure). [18]. Relative strength was then calculated for the bench press exercise (1 RM (kg) / body mass (kg) × 100).

Assessment of MetS risk factors. WC was measured with an inelastic tape between the upper lateral edge of the right iliac bone and the upper edge of the left iliac bone to the nearest 0.1 cm.

Fasting venous blood samples were collected from participants after 12-14 hours of overnight fasting. Plasma glucose, TG, and HDL levels were also estimated.

Blood pressure was measured on the right arm using the Omron M2 Eco automatic tonometer (Japan) in a sitting position after 5 minutes of rest.

Identification of MetS. MetS was identified according to the combined definition of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), the American Health Association (AHA) and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) [19]. According to this definition, MetS was diagnosed when at least three of the following five criteria were met: WC greater than 94 cm plus two of the following criteria: blood TG level of 150 mg/dL or greater; HDL level of less than 40 mg/dL; sBP of 130 mm of Hg; plasma glucose level of greater than 100 mg/dL.

Calculation of the z-score was performed according to the method of M. DeBoer and M. Gurka (details of the calculation method depending on gender and race/ethnicity are published in [20]). Higher z-score values reflect a less favorable metabolic profile.

Statistical processing. To investigate the effect of BMI and muscle strength on MetS risk factors, all participants were divided into the high relative muscle strength group (BMI<25 kg/m²) and the overweight group (BMI≥25 kg/m²) [1]. They were also divided into the group with high relative muscle strength of 50% of the upper results and the group with low relative muscle strength of 50% of the lower results, based on a median 75.62 kg. The results obtained were processed using Microsoft Excel. The Kolgomorov-Smirnov test was used to assess the distribution normality. Intergroup differences in the mean of each measurement item were analyzed with the Student’s t-test (if α=0.05 and α=0.01). Subjects were then divided into four groups according to BMI and relative muscle strength levels:
1) low BMI and high muscle strength;
2) low BMI and low muscle strength;
3) high BMI and high muscle strength;
4) high BMI and low muscle strength

We used One-Factor ANOVA to identify significant changes between groups. After identifying the significant influence of factors, a post hoc analysis of pairwise comparisons with the Tukey's test was used. The values of variables are presented in the form of M±SD, where M – arithmetic mean, SD – standard deviation. The statistical significance level was set at 0.05 or 0.01. The results were considered statistically significant at p<0.05.

Ethical expertise. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Ural State University of Physical Culture (excerpt from the minutes meeting of the Ethical Committee of the Ural State University of Physical Culture No 1 dated 24.09.2019). Prior to the study, all participants signed a voluntary consent form.

Results and discussion. The test subjects were first divided into the groups with high and low relative muscle strength as assessed by the bench press exercise. Then we compared MetS criteria in the groups with high and low relative strength. According to table 1, body mass (р=0.000), BMI (р=0.000), WC (р=0.000), sBP (р=0.001), plasma TG (р=0.0001), glucose (р=0.001) levels and z-score (р=0.000) were significantly lower, and plasma HDL level (p=0.000) was higher in the high relative muscle strength group than in the low relative muscle strength group. Table 2 shows that WC (р=0.000), sBP (р=0.000), plasma TG (р=0.000), glucose (р=0.000) levels and z-score (р=0.000) were significantly lower, and plasma HDL levels (p=0.000) and relative muscle strength were significantly higher in the low BMI group relative to the high BMI group.

Table 2

Influence of body mass index and relative muscle strength on metabolic syndrome criteria, М±SD

Indices	Relative muscle strength		P	BMI		P
Indices	High (n=108)	Low (n=108)	P	High (n=76)	Low (n=140)	P
BMI, kg/m²	23.76±1.81	26.94±2.35	0.000	27.19±2.06	23.31±1.33	0.000
WC, cm	85.51±5.79	95.25±6.96	0.000	96.48±5.34	83.63±4.03	0.000
sBP, mm of Hg	119.15±5.56	125.85±6.59	0.001	127.09±5.52	117.42±4.22	0.000
TG, mg/dL	87.45±15.47	108.49±15.72	0.000	110.43±14.61	84.11±11.68	0.000
Glucose, mg/dL	91.61±5.51	97.25±4.97	0.001	98.91±3.39	89.47±3.72	0.000
HDL, mg/dL	55.75±5.59	45.55±7.33	0.000	45.43±7.21	56.42±4.79	0.000
MetSs z-score	-0.57±0.39	0.08±0.38	0.000	-0.67±0.27	0.13±0.31	0.000
Rel. strength, kg/kg	83.29±6.65	68.02±6.11	0.000	70.17±8.07	81.71±8.34	0.000

Subjects were then divided into four groups to compare MetS criteria (table 3). The results have shown that WC (р=0.000), sBP (р=0.000), plasma TG (р=0.000), glucose (р=0.000) levels and z-score (р=0.000) were significantly lower, and plasma HDL level (р=0.000) was statistically higher in the high relative muscle strength and low BMI group compared to the low relative muscle strength and high BMI group. We also found statistically significant differences in WC (р=0.045) and plasma TG level (р=0.027) in the high relative muscle strength and low BMI group compared to the low relative muscle strength and low BMI group. In addition, statistically significant differences in WC (p=0.031), plasma TG (p=0.046), plasma glucose (p=0.023) levels and z-score (p=0.022) were observed in the high relative muscle strength and high BMI group relative to the low relative muscle strength and high BMI group, confirming the protective role of muscle strength even in individuals with high BMI.

Table 3

Metabolic syndrome criteria depending on body mass index and relative muscle strength, М±SD

Indices		BMI<25 kg/m²		P	BMI˃25 kg/m²		P
Indices		High strength (1 group; n=89)	Low strength (2 group; n=51)	P	High strength (3 group; n=32)	Low strength (4 group; n=44)	P
BMI, kg/m²		23.14±0.87	23.61±1.94	0.556	26.48±1.36*^	27.55±2.29*^	0.196
WC, cm		82.51±4.61	88.43±5.32	0.045	93.43±3.36*^	98.01±5.58*^	0.031
sBP, mm of Hg		117.08± 4.56	118.28± 4.07	0.563	125.86±3.48*^	128.35±5.65*^	0.226
TG, mg/dL	79.75± 10.53		91.57± 10.16	0.027	105.86±7.64*^	115.51± 13.02*^	0.046
Glucose, mg/dL	89.08±3.34		90.28±4.46	0.543	97.43±1.72*^	100.07±3.17*^	0.023
HDL, mg/dL	57.67±2.77		54.28±6.79	0.228	48.57±7.41*	42.28±6.23*^	0.071
MetSs z-score	-0.76±0.18		-0.47±0.36	0.068	-0.02±0.27	0.29±0.25*^	0.022
Rel. strength, kg/kg	86.55±6.31		73.41±2.93	0.001	78.36±3.93*^	66.08±6.24*^	0.000

Note: * – differs from the first group significantly if p<0.01; ^ – differs from the second group significantly if р<0,05. BMI – body mass index; WC – waist circumference; sBP – systolic blood pressure; TG – triglycerides; HDL – high-density lipoproteins; MetSs – metabolic syndrome severity. Statistically significant differences are highlighted with bold.

Discussion. In our study, we investigated the reciprocal influence of BMI and relative muscle strength and BMI on MetS criteria in men. The results showed that WC, sBP, plasma glucose and TG levels were significantly lower, while HDL level was higher in the high relative muscle strength group compared to the low relative muscle strength group. Muscle strength was estimated by the bench press exercise.

In fact, recent systematic review and meta-analysis showed that lower grip strength is associated with higher risk of MetS. A linear “dose-response” relationship was found between lower relative grip strength (grip strength/body mass) and higher MetS incidence [21]. The other study involving 3189 Korean women has found that the MetS incidence was higher in the low relative grip strength group compared with the group with high grip strength [22]. Potential mechanisms that contribute to a decreased risk of MetS are as follows. Skeletal muscles are the main site for utilizing and storing glucose [23], which has a beneficial effect on glucose metabolism. Skeletal muscles can also secrete a number of myokines (such as interleukin-15, myostatin and irisin) that are involved in maintaining metabolic homeostasis throughout the body [24]. Interleukin-15 is known to be involved in fat mass regulation [25]. Myostatin inhibition may suppress fat accumulation in the body and improve insulin sensitivity [26]. Irisin, secreted by skeletal muscle, is involved in glucose homeostasis, contributing to the reduction of obesity [27]. Reduced muscle strength may alter the levels of irisin, interleukin-15, myostatin, myonectin, asprosin, increasing the risk of MetS [28]. Some studies also revealed that lower muscle strength and mass may be correlated with higher markers of systemic inflammation [29], which leads to increased proteasome activity, satellite cell reduction, and increased insulin resistance [29], thereby increasing the risk of MetS.

Muscle hypertrophy induced by synergetic ablation increases glycolysis flux by about 60% in the absence of insulin in overloaded incubated flounder muscles compared to control soleus muscles [30]. At the same time, hypertrophied muscles can consume more glucose and, by reprogramming their metabolism, direct glucose not only to glycogen resynthesis but also to anabolic pathways (amino acid, nucleotide, lipid, acetyl and methyl group synthesis), thereby reducing plasma glucose, TG and insulin levels [31]. In turn, the enhanced skeletal muscle glycolysis stimulated by resistance training promotes accelerated glucose uptake, lower body fat percentage, and high metabolic rate in mice despite slower lipid metabolism in muscle, even on a high-fat diet [32]. Therefore, maintaining muscle strength and, consequently, higher muscle quality is a protective mechanism against insulin resistance in muscle tissue that contributes to maintaining metabolic health.

Conclusion. The study has shown that muscle strength and BMI influence MetS criteria in adult men. Thus, increasing muscle strength and reducing BMI with resistance exercise may be a potentially effective way to improve one’s metabolic health.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Funding. This study was not supported by any external sources of funding.
Authors’ contribution. Idea, concept, study design, literature data analysis, article writing, result interpretation – V.V. Sverchkov; article writing, editing, manuscript preparation for publication – E.V. Bykov. All authors approved the final version before publication and agreed to be responsible for all aspects of the work, which implies proper investigation and resolution of issues related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the manuscript.

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INFORMATION ABOUT THE AUTHORS:
Vadim V. Sverchkov – Junior Researcher of the Scientific Research Institute of Olympic Sports, Ural State University of Physical Culture, Chelyabinsk, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3650-0624; eLibrary SPIN: 8860-4764.
Evgenij V. Bykov – Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Vice-Rector for Research Projects, Director of the Scientific Research Institute of Olympic Sports, Head of the Department of Sports Medicine and Physical Rehabilitation, Ural State University of Physical Culture, Chelyabinsk. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7506-8793; Scopus Author ID: 57212904581; eLibrary SPIN: 4887-2051.

For citation: Sverchkov V.V., Bykov E.V. Association of muscle strength and body mass index with metabolic syndrome criteria in men. Russian Journal of Sports Science: Medicine, Physiology, Training, 2024, vol. 3, no. 2. DOI: 10.24412/2782-6570-2024_03_02_7

Sverchkov V.V., Bykov E.V. Association of muscle strength and body mass index with metabolic syndrome criteria in men

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